Page 88 - GRIHA Manual Volume III - Introduction to National Rating System
P. 88
Renewable energy application 81
Grid-interactive systems can be designed with or without battery storage. The main advantage of
this system is that the power can be fed into the grid or can be drawn from the grid as required.
Figure 2 Grid-connected photovoltaic system
3. Hybrid systems: When SPV systems are combined with any other power generating systems like
wind turbines or diesel generators, they are called hybrid systems.
Components of a typical SPV system
A typical SPV system consists of an array of photovoltaic modules and a balance of system
(BoS), which comprises support structure, cabling, battery, charge controller, inverter,
mounting structure, and so on. Following is a brief description of the major components of a typical
SPV system:
1. Photovoltaic (PV) array: PV array is the heart of an SPV system. Assembly of solar cells connected
in series form a module and these modules are electrically connected to each other in series
or parallel connections to form solar arrays. Solar cells are the basic power unit of this system.
Figure 3 shows the classification of various types of solar cells.
Electrical power extracted from a solar cell is measured in watt-peak (Wp). The power
generated by the solar cell essentially depends on its area, intensity of the incident solar
radiation, and ambient temperature. Under standard test conditions (STC), a solar cell of
1Wp will supply a power of 1W. Standard test conditions are 1000 W/m of irradiance, solar
2
spectrum as filtered by passing through 1.5 thickness of air mass, and the cell operating
temperature of 25 C.
0
There are many factors that influence the performance of solar cells such as the following.
# Solar radiation: Power generated by a solar cell is dependent on the incident solar radiation,
which varies according to the geographical location (latitude and longitude), season, tilt, and
orientation of the solar panel.
# Temperature: The power generated by solar cells decreases with increase in the solar cell
temperature. It decreases at a rate of about 0.45% per degree rise in temperature. Each solar
cell has its defined nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT).
Grid-interactive systems can be designed with or without battery storage. The main advantage of
this system is that the power can be fed into the grid or can be drawn from the grid as required.
Figure 2 Grid-connected photovoltaic system
3. Hybrid systems: When SPV systems are combined with any other power generating systems like
wind turbines or diesel generators, they are called hybrid systems.
Components of a typical SPV system
A typical SPV system consists of an array of photovoltaic modules and a balance of system
(BoS), which comprises support structure, cabling, battery, charge controller, inverter,
mounting structure, and so on. Following is a brief description of the major components of a typical
SPV system:
1. Photovoltaic (PV) array: PV array is the heart of an SPV system. Assembly of solar cells connected
in series form a module and these modules are electrically connected to each other in series
or parallel connections to form solar arrays. Solar cells are the basic power unit of this system.
Figure 3 shows the classification of various types of solar cells.
Electrical power extracted from a solar cell is measured in watt-peak (Wp). The power
generated by the solar cell essentially depends on its area, intensity of the incident solar
radiation, and ambient temperature. Under standard test conditions (STC), a solar cell of
1Wp will supply a power of 1W. Standard test conditions are 1000 W/m of irradiance, solar
2
spectrum as filtered by passing through 1.5 thickness of air mass, and the cell operating
temperature of 25 C.
0
There are many factors that influence the performance of solar cells such as the following.
# Solar radiation: Power generated by a solar cell is dependent on the incident solar radiation,
which varies according to the geographical location (latitude and longitude), season, tilt, and
orientation of the solar panel.
# Temperature: The power generated by solar cells decreases with increase in the solar cell
temperature. It decreases at a rate of about 0.45% per degree rise in temperature. Each solar
cell has its defined nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT).
