Page 39 - GRIHA Manual Volume IV - Introduction to National Rating System
P. 39
30 Griha Manual: Volume 4
bricks is economical, energy saving, and simple to manufacture. The soil to be used for the blocks
should have the requisite component of clay, silt, and sand. Soil-stabilized hollow and interlocking
blocks can provide better thermal insulation.
Stabilized adobe: Stabilized adobe is an improvement over traditional adobe or hand-moulded and
sun-dried mud block. In such mud blocks, mud is mixed with small proportions of cement or lime or
broken or cut dry grass as reinforcing media to impart added strength and lower the permeability.
It is appropriate for dry climates.
Pre-cast stone blocks: Pre-cast stone blocks are of larger size than normal bricks. These are
manufactured by using waste stone pieces of various sizes with lean cement concrete and enable
a rationalized use of locally available materials. This saves cement, reduces thickness of stone walls,
and eliminates the use of plasters on internal/external surface. Use native or quarried stone where
available within the delivery radius <100–150 kms, which has a very low-embodied energy content,
negligible transport energy costs, and needs only shaping. Light weight stone, which is made from
cement and recycled aggregates or furnace clinkers, can also be a resourceful option.
Pre-cast hollow concrete blocks: These are manufactured using lean cement concrete mixes and
extruded through block-making machines of egg laying or static, type, need lesser cement mortar
and enable speedy construction as compared to brick masonry; the cavity in the blocks provide
better thermal insulation, and also do not need external/internal plastering. These can be used for
walling blocks or as roofing blocks along with inverted pre-cast Tee beams.
Rat-trap bond: This is an alternate brick bonding system for English and Flemish bond. It saves 25%
3
of the total number of bricks and 40% of mortar .
Composite ferrocement system: This system is simple to construct and made of ferrocement, that is,
rich mortar reinforced with chicken and welded wire mesh. This system reduces thickness of the wall
and allows larger carpet area. Pre-cast ferrocement units in trough shape are integrated with RCC
columns. Ferrocement units serve as a permanent skin unit and a diagonal strut between columns.
Inside cladding can be done with mud blocks or any locally viable material.
Embodied energy values for some materials are given in the table below.
Table 1 Energy intensity of materials
Material Primary Energy Requirement (GJ/tonne)
Very high energy materials
Aluminium 200–250
Stainless steel 50–100
Plastics 100+
Copper 100+
High energy materials
Steel 30–60
Lead 25+
3 Sustainable Building Design Manual Volume 2 ( 2004), New Delhi: TERI, Prepared under a European Union co-funded ASIA-URBS project
under the leadership of Institut Catala d’Energia (Spain)
bricks is economical, energy saving, and simple to manufacture. The soil to be used for the blocks
should have the requisite component of clay, silt, and sand. Soil-stabilized hollow and interlocking
blocks can provide better thermal insulation.
Stabilized adobe: Stabilized adobe is an improvement over traditional adobe or hand-moulded and
sun-dried mud block. In such mud blocks, mud is mixed with small proportions of cement or lime or
broken or cut dry grass as reinforcing media to impart added strength and lower the permeability.
It is appropriate for dry climates.
Pre-cast stone blocks: Pre-cast stone blocks are of larger size than normal bricks. These are
manufactured by using waste stone pieces of various sizes with lean cement concrete and enable
a rationalized use of locally available materials. This saves cement, reduces thickness of stone walls,
and eliminates the use of plasters on internal/external surface. Use native or quarried stone where
available within the delivery radius <100–150 kms, which has a very low-embodied energy content,
negligible transport energy costs, and needs only shaping. Light weight stone, which is made from
cement and recycled aggregates or furnace clinkers, can also be a resourceful option.
Pre-cast hollow concrete blocks: These are manufactured using lean cement concrete mixes and
extruded through block-making machines of egg laying or static, type, need lesser cement mortar
and enable speedy construction as compared to brick masonry; the cavity in the blocks provide
better thermal insulation, and also do not need external/internal plastering. These can be used for
walling blocks or as roofing blocks along with inverted pre-cast Tee beams.
Rat-trap bond: This is an alternate brick bonding system for English and Flemish bond. It saves 25%
3
of the total number of bricks and 40% of mortar .
Composite ferrocement system: This system is simple to construct and made of ferrocement, that is,
rich mortar reinforced with chicken and welded wire mesh. This system reduces thickness of the wall
and allows larger carpet area. Pre-cast ferrocement units in trough shape are integrated with RCC
columns. Ferrocement units serve as a permanent skin unit and a diagonal strut between columns.
Inside cladding can be done with mud blocks or any locally viable material.
Embodied energy values for some materials are given in the table below.
Table 1 Energy intensity of materials
Material Primary Energy Requirement (GJ/tonne)
Very high energy materials
Aluminium 200–250
Stainless steel 50–100
Plastics 100+
Copper 100+
High energy materials
Steel 30–60
Lead 25+
3 Sustainable Building Design Manual Volume 2 ( 2004), New Delhi: TERI, Prepared under a European Union co-funded ASIA-URBS project
under the leadership of Institut Catala d’Energia (Spain)
